Annotated Bibliographies about Diabetes

Paragraph one Introduction From an individual and social perspective, the issue of Limb amputations is among the most striking of medical incidents in the world today. In fact, in the United States alone, there are approximately 85,000 limb amputations caused by a non-traumatic condition yearly (Harati, 2010).Of these amputations, about 87 percent are caused by diabetes and diabetic foot ulcers. These complications are also expensive in terms of cost of care and can exceed up to about ten billion US dollars per single complication per year. Limb threatening Ischemia, joint deformities and foot ulcers, the major causes of Limb amputations, are mainly attributed to a common form of neuropathy known as diabetic neuropathy (Harati, 2010). Reference Harati, Y. (2010). Diabetic peripheral neuropathies. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal, 6 (2), 15-19. Paragraph 2 The global health care costs linked with diabetic neuropathy and its chronic complications are elevated and rising due to the highly increasing rate of obesity and diabetes across the population demographics. It is highly predicted that an increase in about 15 to 20 pounds in weight of an individual significantly encourages the development of diabetes in the same individual by about 120 percent (Harati, 2010). Reference Harati, Y. (2010). Diabetic peripheral neuropathies. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal, 6 (2), 15-19. Summary The article is mainly focused on the condition of Diabetic peripheral neuropathies. It describes this condition, as a nerve damage caused by diabetes, which affects the arms, hands, legs and feet. It also goes on to relate the condition to the issue of Limb amputations, which â€Å"among the most dramatic of medical events from an individual and social perspective† (Harati, 2010; p.15). According to the article, Diabetes is deemed as one of the main threats to human health affect people of all ages, ethnic groups, gender and educational class. That is why the article provides an insight of physiopathology of the disease, with further insights on the managements of its major complications. It vividly enlightens on all the conditions of diabetes and diabetic foot ulcers as well as discussing the cost of care due to the subsequent complication of amputations and the general cost per year; which is put at about ten billion dollars (Harati, 2010). In addition, this article explains the diabetic neuropathies in patients, showing how it manifests and how it contributes to the development of foot ulcers and joint deformities.   Apart from this important information, the article also provides an insight on the carpal tunnel syndrome stating it is three times more frequent in diabetes than in the normal population. On page 17 of the article, the overall risks factors underlying the development diabetic neuropathy are outlined and explained. Noted risk factors as presented on the article are the excessive consumption alcohol or the use tobacco products, which put many people at a greater risk for developing neuropathies (Harati, 2010). This article is credible since the author is on staff at Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neurology in Houston, Texas. The author has also co-authored with other authors who have been doing research on diabetes since 1989. This source is great for the research to inform people who have diabetes and lower limb vascular insufficiency tend to have a more severe neuropathy than patent without ischemia. The quality of this information is great and it gives more than enough information. This article is a valuable source of credible articles on this topic (Harati, 2010).In other words the main points illustrated above are of quality and authentic. Work cited Harati, Y. (2010). Diabetic peripheral neuropathies. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal, 6 (2), 15-19.

Dawson Lumber Company - 1182 Words

Last four digits of student ID #: Name of the business: Dawson Lumber Company Nature of the business: Wholesale Lumber Business Marketing Analysis: The Dawson Lumber Company was founded in the 1870s by the Dawson family to market the lumber on their land. In 1950, Dawson Lumber owned four small lumber yards in the Corn wall area, each operating as a separate company. However, in 1965, J.H. Dawson became president and amalgamated the four companies into the Dawson Lumber Company. The company had acquired seven more lumber yards north and west of Cornwall, Ontario but further growth was limited by J.H. Dawson’s belief that growth should only be financed by internally generated funds. For over one hundred years, Dawson Lumber†¦show more content†¦Financial Analysis: Strictly speaking, at present the Dawson Lumber Company is being financed by a bank loan. The company’s equity structure constitutes common stock capital amounting to $4.3 million and the accumulated earnings. Presently, the company’s financing needs are met through two types of bank loans which include a working capital loan obtained specifically to meet the working capital requirements and the present long term loan amounting to 4.2 million. Both the loans are obtained from National bank of Canada (NBC). The NBC took accounts receivable and inventory as collateral and as a condition of the loan against the charge on the borrowed amount for which Dawson undertook to provide quarterly financial statements and monthly reports of inventory, sales and receivables. Now as far as the company’s cash flow is concerned, the company has been suffered with very weak cash flows because inventory and receivables have increased which result in negative cash flows and due to increased in accounts payable resulting in positive cash flow thus overall cash generated from operations remain intact. However as mentioned above it is operational inefficiency due to delay in collection from customers resulting in delay in payments to creditor. The current ratio is at satisfactory level. If we talk about the company’sShow MoreRelatedDawson Lumber Company Limited1550 Words   |  7 Pages(NBC or the Bank) is tasked with the decision to review Dawson Lumber Company Limited s (Dawson) request for an increase in its line of credit up to the amount of $10.8mm. Dawson intends to finance inventory and receivables with the line of credit. NBC must remain cognizant of the competitive landscape of the lumber industry and assess whether a focus on the retail segment is beneficial to Dawson s strategic plan. Given that Dawson is one of the region s largest borrowers, NBC must be carefulRead MoreDawson Lumber Company Limited Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pages(NBC or the Bank) is tasked with the decision to review Dawson Lumber Company Limiteds (Dawson) request for an increase in its line of credit up to the amount of $10.8mm. Dawson intends to finance inventory and receivables with the line of credit. NBC must remain cognizant of the competitive landscape of the lumber i ndustry and assess whether a focus on the retail segment is beneficial to Dawsons strategic plan. Given that Dawson is one of the regions largest borrowers, NBC must be carefulRead MoreTrade Liberalization : A Win Winning Proposition And Economic Incentives2318 Words   |  10 Pagescontroversial due to the participation of two wealthy developed countries and one developing country. Proponents to this agreement argued that NAFTA would create thousands of jobs and reduce the income disparity in the region. Opponents believed that companies would move production to Mexico due to the lower cost of production and would cause a massive job loss in the United State (Villarreal Fergusson, 2014). This paper will examine the effect of NAFTA in the North American economy and particularlyRead MoreEssay on Chicano Art3962 Words   |  16 Pagesto link to his distant past by borrowing designs and ideas from the ancient cultures that existed in Mexico. Works cited Beigel, Fernanda. â€Å"Mariategui y las antinomias del indigenismo.† Utopia y Praxis Latinoamericana 6.13 (2001) : 36-57. Print Dawson, Alexander S. â€Å"From Models for the Nation to Model Citizens: Indigenismo and the ‘Revindication’ of the Mexican Indian, 1920–40.† Journal of Latin American Studies 1998 : 279-308. Print. Engle, Karen. 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Special circumstances must be indicated if the P hopes to recover exceptional damages Victoria Laundry Facts: D sold P boilers and deliveredRead MoreHistory Grade 10 Exam Review6476 Words   |  26 Pages * June 17 ïÆ'   eight members were arrested ïÆ'   planned mass rally June 21 * The crowd pushed a streetcar over ïÆ'   one man killed 30 injured ïÆ'   Bloody Saturday * Branch Plant * A factory or business owned and controlled by a larger company in another country * Model T * Model T became a popular car because of low price, cheap (mass production) and easy maintenance * It had many problems like brittle axles, stuck in the mud (as there weren’t that many paved roads),Read MorePrinciples of Microeconomics Fifth Canadian Edition20085 Words   |  81 PagesHarris Production Service: MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company Copy Editor: June Trusty Proofreader: Barbara Storey Indexer: David Luljak Senior Production Coordinator: Ferial Suleman Design Director: Ken Phipps Managing Designer: Franca Amore Interior Design Modifications: Peter Papayanakis Cover Design: Dianna Little Cover Images: (Edmonton): Design Pics/ Fotosearch; (clouds): Larentz Gullachson/Getty Images Compositor: MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company Printer: RR Donnelley COPYRIGHT  © 2011, 2008 byRead MoreIntroduction to Materials Management169665 Words   |  679 PagesJeff Vanik Production Manager: Deidra M. Schwartz Director of Marketing: David Gesell Marketing Manager: Jimmy Stephens Marketing Assistant: Alicia Dysert This book was set by GGS Book Services. It was printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley Sons Company. The cover was printed by Phoenix Color Corp. Copyright  © 2008, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1996, 1991 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This

Case Study of Toyota-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignement

Question: Using Toyota as a Case Study. Investigate company profile, industry analysis, marketing mix, PESTEL analysis, SWOT analysis, Porter's Five Forces model (BRESS), Competitor analysis, cultural dimension, Ethical dimension, and describe a major case in Toyota's recent Marketing history. Answer: Introduction The report outlines trading operations and activities of the Toyota. Further, it explains the mission and vision of the firm. It tells that how the company is using marketing mix strategy and brand management strategies within the organization. Apart from this, it also explains the Pestle analysis, SWOT analysis, and porter five forces model to analyze and measure the strengths and weaknesses of the competitors across the world. It describes that how the company is using BCG matrix within the organization. It outlines that how the company is addressing the ethical issues within the organization. Toyota motor is a Japanese automotive manufacturer company. The company was founded in 1937 with its headquartered is located in Aichi, Japan. There are approx 364,445 employees employed in the company. It is the fifth biggest company in the world measured by the revenue. It is one of the biggest automotive manufacturer companies around the world. In todays era, the company is producing more than 10 million vehicles in the world. The firm is listed on the Japan stock exchange. It is the world market player in sales of hybrid electric vehicles. Toyota is dealing with various automobiles, engines, commercial vehicles and luxury vehicles around the world. In todays world, the company is increasing its revenue and profit and it is expanding its business activities globally. The mission of the Toyota is to attract and retain customers by providing a high quality of products and services in the world. The vision of the company is to become a successful leader in the automotive car manufact uring industry. The primary market of the company includes businessmen, urban families and young executives (Fan, Geddes Flory, 2013). Industry analysis of Toyota Motor Corporation Toyota is the automotive car manufacturing corporation which operates its business activities globally. It is trying to beat the competitors across the world. The competitors of the Toyota include Honda motors, Nissan motors, Ford motor company, Tata Motors, and Volkswagen. These are the main competitors of the company. The company has obtained approx 4.26 percent share in the U.S (McLean-Cobban, 2013). Marketing mix Marketing mix plays a vital role in Toyota Corporation. It is the tool to fulfill the needs and requirements of the consumers across the world. The marketing covers 4Ps (Product, price, place, and promotion) which have been discussed below (Loureiro, Sardinha Reijnders, 2012). Product: There are various product produced by the Toyota in the universal market. Product strategy is used by the company to identify the needs, requirements, and expectations of the customers across the world. This strategy also used by the company to differentiate its products from the competitors products. Price: The appropriate prices of the products are fixed by the company. Further, the company focuses on the income level of the consumers around the world. It will also help to gain the competitive advantages in the market (Lucky Takim, 2015). Place: The firm has been able to identify and evaluate the market segment and place to sell the products of the company. Mostly, the company is selling its vehicles in Africa, Europe, Asia and America (Yksel, 2012). Promotion: The advertisement and promotional strategies are used by the company to increase the sale of the vehicles in the world. It also helps to make a good image in the market (Ivanova, 2015). Brand management The brand management plays an integral role in Toyota Corporation in order to build and develop a good image in the market. It is the most popular and well-known brand in the world. The company has specialized in automobiles and engineering products. Along with this, the company uses different marketing strategies to increase and enhance the brand of the company. Through brand management, the company is able to increase the profit and revenue of the company (Li et al, 2016). STP (Segmentation, targeting, and positioning) Segmentation: It is the important strategy of the company. The company divides the market into the different segments of the world in order to distribute the products in an effective way. Under market segmentation, Toyota focuses on the businessmen and middle-class people to earn more revenue in the market (Venter, Wright Dibb, 2015). Targeting: Toyota Corporation focuses on the target market in order to attain the success and growth of the company. It monitors on the effective market to beat the competitors in the market. Further, it makes various strategies to reach its target audience in the world. Positioning: This strategy helps to make a good and effective position in the market. Through positioning strategy, the company selects the suitable marketing mix for the target audience. Under positioning strategy, the firm uses generic strategy and differentiation strategy in order to gain the competitive benefits in the automotive industry. PESTLE analysis The PESTLE analysis is used by the company to identify and measure the external environment to beat the competitors across the world. The PESTLE analysis of Toyota has been discussed below. Political: The government rules, regulations, laws affect the business activities and operations adversely. Therefore, Toyota must focus on the political factors in order to gain the competitive benefits around the world (Hanzaee Rouhani, 2013). Economic: The economic factors include inflation rate, interest rate, unemployment rate and growth rate. These factors influence the trading activities and operations adversely. These elements must be controlled and managed by the company (Sair Shoaib, 2014). Socio-cultural: The socio-cultural factors include culture, values, customs, religion and lifestyle of the people. These factors affect the vehicles and fuel efficiency of the Toyota. The company should evaluate and measure these factors to accomplish the goals and objectives of the firm. Technological: The technology such as internet influence the sale of the Toyota products in the market. Further, the firm has introduced hybrid technology to gain the competitive advantages within the organization (Roh, Hong Min, 2014). Environmental: The environmental factors include weather; climate and globalization which influence the sale of the Toyota vehicles. Therefore, the company must maintain safety regulations, and environmental standards to expand the business activities globally. Legal: There are various legal factors exist in the macro environment which affects the activities and operations of the company. The legal factors include the taxation, competition law, and intellectual property law. Therefore, the company must focus on these factors to expand its business globally (Thompson, 2015). SWOT analysis of Toyota The SWOT analysis is done by the company to measure and identify the strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats of the company. The SWOT analysis has been discussed below (Yuan, 2013). Strengths Weaknesses It is the popular and well-known brand in the world. It used hybrid and innovative technology. It uses cost leadership pricing strategy. The organizational structure of Toyota is not good and effective. Weak and low profitability. Toyota unable to keep a balance between the changes in price and demand. Opportunities Threats The company is launching the solar power vehicles. It also introduces ecology friendly cards. The global market is available for sale the vehicles of the company. Increasing oil prices and competition. Changes in the exchange and interest rates. Changes and modification in technology. Porter five forces analysis The porter five forces model shows that the company should focus on the competitors in the global market. Along with this, the firm needs to analyze and evaluate the needs, expectations, and choices of the customers around the world. The porter five forces model has been discussed below (Kajanus et al, 2012). Competitive rivalry: The Company needs to focus on the competitors of the Toyota. There are various factors affect the competitive rivalry in the market. Therefore, effective and dynamic strategies should be used by the company to gain the competitive advantages in the world. Bargaining power of buyers/customers: The customers affect the business activities and revenue of the Toyota. The external factors give contribution to the barraging power of customers. These factors include high and good quality of information and low switching cost. The company should focus on the desires, requirements, behavior, and needs of the suppliers. Bargaining power of suppliers: The main aim of the Toyota suppliers is to improve the activities and operations of the business. Thus, the firm must monitors on the bargaining power of suppliers and weak forces within the organization. It helps to attain the mission and vision of the firm with maintaining sustainability at the workplace (Mohapatra, Choudhury Ganesh, 2017). Threats of the substitutes: Substitutes affect trading activities of the company by producing the similar products in the market. Thus, the Toyota should identify the plans, policies, and strategies of the competitors to overcome on the competitors around the world. Threats of new entrants: New entrants are considered the potential and competent competitors of the company which influences the business of the firm. Hence, the company must evaluate and measure the new entrants to reduce the risks and key challenges of the firm. (Source: https://research-methodology.net/toyota-porters-five-forces-analysis/) Competitor analysis Ford, Volkswagen, and Honda are the major competitors of the Toyota. The ford company has maintained strong position in the American market. The financial position of the company is very strong. These are the strengths of the ford around the world. Low stock prices and poor reputation and status with investors are the major weaknesses of the Ford motor company (Jindal, Laveena Aggarwal, 2015). The product portfolio of the Honda is diversified and its position is very strong in Asia. These are considered the strengths of the company. The weaknesses include that Honda is dependent on the North America and low investment in research and development. These are the major weaknesses of the company. BCG matrix of Toyota The BCG matrix of the Toyota Corporation plays a significant role to attain competitive benefits and to gain the long-term revenue of the company. The BCG matrix has been discussed below (Soltanifar, Ansari, 2016). High relative market share Low relative market share High market growth rate Star Prius hybrid Luxury sedans and Lexus Land Cruiser SUV Question Small car for China as well as India. Corolla/Camry as hybrids Scion is good for youth in the USA. Low market growth rate Cash flow Venza-MPA and Innova Camry-Corolla sedans DOG Tundra pick up Declining and decreasing market in Europe and UK. Cultural dimension The organizational culture of the Toyota Corporation is unique and dynamic to attract more customers in the global market. Hofstedes cultural dimension model is used by the company to beat the competitors in the market to provide cross-cultural training to the employees. The Hofstede model focuses on the five value dimensions of the culture which also affect the national culture (Autio Thomas, 2014). Hofstede cultural dimension model (Source: https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/japan/) Toyota is expanding and flourishing its business activities day by day. The company operates its business in US, Japan, China, Indonesia, India, Kenya, UK, and France. Therefore the firm must focus on the environment of the different countries to reduce the key challenges and risks of the market. In this way, the firm can make a good position in the global market (Takami, 2014). Ethical dimension Ethics is a branch of philosophy which involves defending, systematizing and suggesting the concepts of right or wrong conduct. The firm must maintain business ethics and code of conducts within the organization. Further, experimentation, respect, imagination, humility, and integrity are the core values of the Toyota which should be followed and maintained by the employees to expand its business globally (Bowen Zheng, 2015). The company uses the code of conducts in the organization in order to fulfill the social responsibility of the company. The Toyota code of conducts is considered the significant guiding tool to conduct and run business activities and operations globally. It also helps to reduce the key issues related to the environment and society. By maintaining a code of conduct, the company is able to fulfill the need and desires of the consumers across the world (Garca-Madariaga Rodrguez-Rivera, 2017). There are various ethical challenges faced by the Toyota Corporation within the organization. The firm is not able to build and develop effective and unique communication with customers in the global market and it also affects the loyalty and morality of the employees. Apart from this, the company has to face the litigation and criminal problems in the United States. The ethical issues also affect the confidence and integrity of the consumers across the world. Further, the company is fixing the high prices of products and vehicles to determine the long-term growth and success of the firm. These are the ethical issues in the Toyota Corporation which should be reduced and managed by the company (Jindal, Laveena Aggarwal, 2015). Case study Toyota is the global leader in the auto industry but in 2009, the company had to face various issues in the global market. Toyota had to recall more than 8 million vehicles due to unintended acceleration and poor window system. It was the biggest challenge for the company. As a result, the sale of the company decreased by 16 percent and costs increased by $5 billion in that year. The growth and success of the company are also affected by this key issue and challenge. Therefore, various marketing strategies were made by the company to overcome on this key issue within the organization. Discussion Technology and customer satisfaction were the main forces in the Toyota. Due to this crisis, the customer had to suffer a lot of problems. It also affects the sales and revenue of the company. It also affected the buying behavior of the consumers around the world. It also affects the brand image of the company. The company took various actions to resolve this issue within the organization. Toyota appointed a team to address this issue. It developed and built a recovery plan to resolve this issue. The company had developed a communication blueprint plan to identify and evaluate this issue. Marketing partnership strategy was used by the company. Further, collaboration strategy was used by the Toyota. Apart from this, brand reputation rebuilding strategy was implemented by the company. In addition, all the vehicles were recalled by the company to resolve this issue. Further, effective and unique communication strategies were also used by the company. Various effective and dynamic strategies were used by the company to regain its position in the market. As a result, the company overcame and reduced this issue. Further, Toyota also gained corporate reputation and goodwill in the market. The company again started its business activities and operations in an effective way. The company could have used effective and innovative technologies to overcome this challenge in the market. Further, effective and unique collaboration must have maintained by the company with customers. They should have resolved their problem and key issues by providing effective and unique vehicles. Porter five forces model was used by the company to resolve and address this issue. Thus, the company gained competitive benefits in the global market. Conclusion On the above aforesaid information, it has been measured and concluded that Toyota is one of the largest players in the world. Further, SWOT analysis, porter five forces model, and pestle analysis are done by the company to identify the major competitors of the company. These tools are also used by the company to gain the completive benefits within the organization. In addition, marketing mix and BCG matrix are also done by the company to reduce the key challenges of the market. In addition, the company should focus on the ethical issues to build and develop a brand image in the global market. Apart from this, the company uses Hofstede cross-cultural model to provide training and development coaching within the organization References Autio, E., Thomas, L. (2014). Innovation ecosystems.The Oxford handbook of innovation management, 204-288. Bowen, S. A., Zheng, Y. (2015). Auto recall crisis, framing, and ethical response: Toyota's missteps.Public Relations Review,41(1), 40-49. Fan, D., Geddes, D., Flory, F. (2013). The Toyota recall crisis: Media impact on Toyota's corporate brand reputation.Corporate Reputation Review,16(2), 99-117. Garca-Madariaga, J., Rodrguez-Rivera, F. (2017). Corporate social responsibility, customer satisfaction, corporate reputation, and firms market value: Evidence from the automobile industry.Spanish Journal of Marketing-ESIC,21, 39-53. Hanzaee, K. H., Rouhani, F. R. (2013). Investigation of the effects of luxury brand perception and brand preference on purchase intention of luxury products.African Journal of Business Management,7(18), 1778. Ivanova, K. (2015). Market Potential Analysis of Finland and the UK; Business caseSidebar business proposition, Case Company: Orion Automotive. Jindal, S., Laveena, L., Aggarwal, A. (2015). A comparitive study of crisis management-Toyota v/s General motors.Scholedge International Journal of Management Development ISSN 2394-3378,2(6), 1-12. Kajanus, M., Leskinen, P., Kurttila, M., Kangas, J. (2012). Making use of MCDS methods in SWOT analysisLessons learnt in strategic natural resources management.Forest Policy and Economics,20, 1-9. Li, C. Z., Hong, J., Xue, F., Shen, G. Q., Xu, X., Luo, L. (2016). SWOT analysis and Internet of Things-enabled platform for prefabrication housing production in Hong Kong.Habitat International,57, 74-87. Loureiro, S. M., Sardinha, I. M. D., Reijnders, L. (2012). The effect of corporate social responsibility on consumer satisfaction and perceived value: the case of the automobile industry sector in Portugal.Journal of cleaner production,37, 172-178. Lucky, B., Takim, S. (2015). Manufacturing Defects in the Automobile Industry, a Case Study of the Remote Causes and Effects of Toyotas Transmission Malfunctions in Cars.IJEAS,2, 15-28. McLean-Cobban, W. (2013). The tortoise wins the race (Review of Lessons for Turning Crisis into Opportunity: Toyota Under Fire: How Toyota Faced the Challenges of the Recall and the Recession to Come Out Stronger by Jeffery K. Liker and Timothy N. Ogden).Journal of Professional Communication,2(1). Mohapatra, S., Choudhury, A., Ganesh, K. (2017). Framework for supporting'business process reengineering'-based business models.International Journal of Business Innovation and Research,13(4), 451-474. Roh, J., Hong, P., Min, H. (2014). Implementation of a responsive supply chain strategy in global complexity: The case of manufacturing firms.International Journal of Production Economics,147, 198-210. Sair, S. A., Shoaib, M. (2014). Measuring the effectiveness of brand positioning strategies perceived by consumers.Science International-(Lahore),26(1), 353-361. Soltanifar, E., Ansari, M. (2016). Matrix-Collage: An Innovative Methodology for Qualitative Inquiry in Social Systems.Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods,14(1). Takami, T. (2014). Production engineering strategies and metalworking at Toyota motor corporation.Procedia Engineering,81, 5-17. Thompson, A. (2015). Toyotas generic strategy and intensive growth strategies.Retrieved April,27, 2016. Venter, P., Wright, A., Dibb, S. (2015). Performing market segmentation: a performative perspective.Journal of Marketing Management,31(1-2), 62-83. Yuan, H. (2013). A SWOT analysis of successful construction waste management.Journal of Cleaner Production,39, 1-8. Yksel, ?. (2012). Developing a multi-criteria decision making model for PESTEL analysis.International Journal of Business and Management,7(24), 52

Robert Browning Essays (1621 words) - Porphyrias Lover, Stanza

Robert Browning The creation of a plausible character within literature is one of the most difficult challenges to a writer, and development to a level at which the reader identifies with them can take a long time. However, through the masterful use of poetic devices and language Browning is able to create two living and breathing characters in sixty or less lines. When one examines these works one has to that they are quite the achievements for they not only display the persona's of two distinct men but also when compared show large differences while dealing with essentially the same subject. A brief examination of the structural aspects of "Porphyria's Lover" is needed before further analysis is done. One can break the poem up into twelve stanzas with an ababb stanzaic rhyme structure, though it is most often printed as a block poem. This would make it an alternately rhymed quatrain with a fifth line attached to create a couplet ending. The majority of the lines contain four iambic feet, though a few are nonasyllabic. Five of the twelve stanzas spill into the next stanza, thus detracting from their free-standing integrity. These stanzas are not syntactically self-containing and therefore the end-couplet value is undercut. If we examine the end of the eighth stanza we see that there is enjambment into the ninth stanza. In one long yellow string I wound, Three times her little throat around, And strangled her. (Browning, Porphyria's Lover", Lines 39-41) This does detract from the couplet though it emphasizes the tone, making the understated nature even more sociopathic. This is one example of how this simple tool in itself masterfully accentuates the overall tone of understatement and the impression of lackadaisical unaffected speech. The majority of the words in this poem are monosyllabic which adds to the mood. However, what is more important is that the words that are polysyllabic are quiet and unassuming. They do not break the tense tranquility of the piece. Burrows points out that, Much of the force of the narrative lies in its almost na?ve simplicity and in the corresponding quiet, matter-of-fact tone of voice, a tone which in effect is not shouting ?Horrible murder! Read all about it!' but murmuring, ?I am going to tell you a nice little bedtime story.' (Burrrows, page 53) Despite the fact that the metrical pattern is often strayed from, some lines contain 3 or 5 stresses, the poem is rhythmically appealing. According to Burrows, "[the poem] suggests the accents and modulations of speech and also remains quietly unemphatic." (page 56) A similar analysis of "My Last Duchess" is also needed before the two can be compared adequately. The frigid decorum of the Duke is established by the imperceptible, but unfailing, rhyming couplets. The inability for the reader to notice these during recital of the poem is due to the extreme prevalence of enjambment within the work. According to Burrows, "It is decidedly the ?open' couplet that he uses, and there are many ?run-on' lines since syntactical pauses rarely coincide with couple-endings or line endings." (page 116) The meter of the poem is iambic pentameter though the rhythm feels more irregular due to the deliberate disregard for the formal couplet pattern. This also creates the sense or beat of regular speech and helps to create the tone of the Duke's voice. The Duke does not seem as formal in this poem (as his created persona suggests him to be normally). This laxness is done in a coldly calculating way creating a visible fa?ade. Burrows realizes that, The quiet, casual conversation tone prevails throughout the except for one brief moment when the Duke reaches the understated climax of his last duchess's history and his phrases harder into a lapidary laconism. (Burrows, page 120) This grew; I gave commands; Then all smiles stopped together. (Browning, "My Last Duchess", lines 45-6) There is a literary implement that this poem has not contained within "Porphyria's Lover" to any knowledge. This is the use of historical allusion. Louis S. Friedland, through his research, has shown that the Duke is most likely based on Alfonso II, the fifth Duke of Ferrara. (DeVane, pages 108-9) He lived in Italy during the Renaissance, and the similarities are impressive. Alfonso II married a daughter, Lucrezia, of the Medici family. She was not well educated and was from what would have been considered by nobility an upstart family. She came with a sizeable dowry and they married in 1658. Three years later she was dead, and there was a strong suspicion of poisoning. The Duke then